Appendix II: Topographical Works

This appendix is meant chiefly to contain a list of Books upon the geography and topography of Palestine, with such remarks on them as have occurred to the author. He has not come farther down than ‘he eighteenth century, as, after that, the works are too numerous to be noted in a volume like the present. Dr Robinson’s list is valuable, but it is not complete. Nor is the present by any means so. But I have been able to lay my hands on several old ones not generally known. A complete list is still needed, and would be valuable.

The Bible is the great book of reference in the geography of Palestine; and the more minutely it is examined, the more thoroughly it is trusted in its topographical statements, as in all things else, the more accurate and clear will be our knowledge of the land.

Next to the Bible comes Josephus; fiom whom a great deal of correct and important information is to be gleaned, especially in what relates to the topography of Jerusalem. He knew the country well, particularly from Jerusalem northwards, and his statements are to be relied on, even when the language of his descriptions is perhaps exaggerated. The Books of the Apocrypha contain many useful, though fragmentary references, which are worthy of attention. I should have said that Philo, though a Jew and writing on Jewish history, has only a few topographical allusions which are of any moment. His chapters are allegories, or at least disquisitions, not facts.

The Septuagiht is often useful in enabling us to trace the changes of names ;* and sometimes in giving us the judgment of the translators as to meanings of places, and the like; but its peculiarities are such as to render it not always a safe guide.

After Josephus there is a blank for about three centuries, and it is at this point that so many links lie broken, it is to be feared irreparably.

* In Josh. xv. 60, it has given u? the following names of piaces which, though not among the original cities of Judah, arose afterwards, and have been thus preserved by the Greek: — “Thekoh, Ephratha, which is Baithleem, and Phagor, (the modern Beit Fejar or Beit Faphur), and Attain (Solomon’s and Rehoboam’s Etam), and Koulon (modern Kulonieh,) and Tatam, and Thobes, and Karem (modern Ain Karim, or perhaps Beth-haccerem?), and Galem (perhaps Beitjalah), and Thether, and Manocho.”

For the land, and especially its capital, was so often ploughed over, and wasted, while no one stood by to record its changes, that many names and places have been utterly effaced. The notices of Palestine during the days of Roman possession are few and meagre. Strabo about the middle, and Ptolemy about the end, of the first century, have left us some valuable information, though scanty; the former too exclusively descriptive, the latter too exclusively mathematical or astronomical. The “Notitise” of the Empire, the Itinerary of Antoninus, the Bourdeaux Itinerary,* and the Peutingerian map or table, embody all the authentic information as to the geography of the East, under Roman occupation. The Peutingerian Map (so called, not from its framer, who is unknown, but from its owner Conrad Pcutinger, in the sixteenth century) as a chart of the roads of the Roman Empire, is always worth consulting, though it differs sometimes from the Antonine Itinerary.! It probably belongs to the beginning of the third century. These Roman documents, however, very imperfectly supply the place of full and veritable histories or geographies; so that for upwards of three centuries there is a gap in the geographical annals of Palestine.

It is here that the early Fathers of the Church come in, to gather up the broken links, and to set in order the confusion. Eusebius of Cassarea (who died 338), Cyril of Jerusalem (386), Jerome of Bethlehem (420), especially the first and last of these three, are our sources of information during the fourth century. We gather, indeed, little from Cyril but imbecile superstition, and he can describe the gates of hell as minutely as the gates of Jerusalem. But Eusebius, in his Onomasticon, has left us much most valuable information, which Jerome has copied, corrected, and slightly enlarged. These fathers came rather late. Before they ma.de the attempt to search for and gather up the last links, so many ages had elapsed, that, in some cases, even tradition had ceased to speak. Hence they had to make traditions where they could not find them; and some of these creations (such as some of those respecting Bethlehem and Jerusalem) had no other basis than the necessities of superstition. Pilgrims were bent on having stones

* Itinerarium a Eurdigala Hierusalem usque. Supposed to be about the middle of the fourth century. Except in so far as Jerusalem is concerned, this is simply a list of names and distances. The old folio is very inaccessible; but there is a beautiful reprint, both of the Antonine and Jerusalem Itineraries, at Berlin in 1848, by Parthey and Pinder, which is the one referred to in the preceding volume.

f The best edition of the Peutinger Map is that of Leipsic 1824, in large quarto on thick paper, with Dissertations prefixed. The map is divided into twelve segments, each nearly two feet broad by a foot and quarter long, with a very complete Index. to kiss, and monks did not think scorn to adopt or invent holy lies. Hence their nomenclature of the country, in so far as it is ecclesiastical, is not authentic; but when it founds itself upon unobliterated monuments and a still articulate tradition, it is worthy of all credence.

Thus up to this period we have three distinct classes of topographers; the Jewish, which may be said to terminate with the destruction of Jerusalem; the Roman, which occupies nearly the three succeeding centuries; and the patristic or ecclesiastical, which began about the fourth century, and which has ruled the geographicul faith of all churches, Greek, Roman, and Protestant, till within thirty or forty years ago, when it began to be suspected and questioned.

Totally distinct from these, at least from the two last, is what I may call the Rabbinical. To this I am inclined to ascribe more value than is usually done. The Rabbies were in some respects as fanciful as the Fathers; but their fancies ran all in an opposite direction. They would not alter a word or point in a roll, though life might hang on it; and so they would not alter a name, or a site, or an old history, whatever might be the consequence. Hence they have preserved, in some cases, the ancient traditions as to places and names; and their information, though generally brief and casual, is worth having. Where you get a genuine Jewish tradition &s ;j i site, you have got a clue to the truth. Their immemorial traditions nave also been preserved in another form and way. The native population, coming in upon the land, and taking up the old names as they found them, has done more, perhaps, than anything else to give us materials for an authentic geography of Palestine. By the Arab names of the present day, even with all their uncouth distortion or decapitation of Bible words, we can thread our way backward.through patristic rubbish and Roman alterations, to the old Jewish nomenclature.

From the time of Jerome, and onwards to our own day, the topography of Palestine has continued the same. Jerome had stereotyped, and very much of subsequent authorship has consisted of reprints from his stereotype plates.

The works of crusading times throw little light on eastern topography.* They give us notices of the state of things in these ages (which of course are not without their value), but that is all.f

-X- St Bernard’s exhortations “ad milites Templi,” contain nothing but declamation on Bethlehem, Nazareth, Olivet, Jordan, Calvary, &c

t Hearing that there were some works of the Crusaders regarding Palestine in the public library of Valetta, I wrote to Dr Pisani there (whom I had the pleasure of meeting with when at ^ialta) regarding this. His reply is as follows: — ‘* I am Sony to say that in the J’S.S. which you mention you will not find any very valu*

TOrOGUAPHICAL WORKS.

The works of pilgrim travellers are not in general valuable. But the following list of pilgrims of all ages, gathered chiefly out of Hakluyt, may not be uninteresting.

The Christian Traveller from Bordeaux, in A.D. 333.

The Voyage of Helena, the Empress, daughter of Coelus, King of Britain, and mother of Constantine the Great, to Jerusalem, A.D. 337.

Arculf, a French Bishop, went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 697, and on returning was wrecked on the island of Iona.

Willibald went from Eichstadt to Palestine in 765.

Bernhard the Wise went to the Holy Places in 870.

The Voyage of Swanus, one of the Sons of E.irl Grodwin, to Jerusalem, 1052.

The Voyage of Alured, Bishop of Worcester, to Jerusalem, 1058. The Voyage of Ingolphus, afterwards Abbot of Croiland, to Jerusalem, 1054.

A Voyage made by diverse of the honourable family of the Beauchamps, with Robert Curtois, the son of William the Conqueror, to Jerusalem, 1095.

The Voyage of Gutuere, an English lady, married to Baldwin, brother of Godfrey Duke of Bouiilon, toward Jerusalem, 1097.

The Voyage of Edgar, the son of Edward, son of Edmund surnamed Ironside, to Jerusalem, 1102.

The Voyage of Godericus, a valiant Englishman, to theHoly Land, 1102.

The Voyage of Hardine, of England, one of the commanders of 200 sail of Christian ships which arrived at Joppa, 1102.

A Voyage by Sea of Englishmen, Danes, and Flemings, who arrived at Joppa, in the Holy Land, in the 7th year of Baldwin King of Jerusalem.

The Voyage of William, Archbishop of Tyre, to Jerusalem, etc., 1130.

A Voyage of certain Englishmen to the Holy Land, 1147.

The Voyage of John Lacy to Jerusalem, 1173.

The Vovage of William Maundeville, Earl of Essex, to Jerusalem, 1177.

The Famous Voyage of Richard the First, etc., 1190. The Vovage of Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, to Syria and Palestine, 1190.

The Vovage of Richard, surnamed Canonicus, to Palestine, 1190. The Vovage of William the Pilgrim, 1190. The Voyage of Hubert W alter, Bishop of.Salisbury, 1190. The Voyage of Randolph, Earl of Chester, etc., to the Holy Land. 1218. The Voyage of Henry Bohun and Saer Quincy to the Holy Land, 1222. The Vovage of Peter de Rupibuc, Bishop of Winchester, to Jerusalem, 1231.

The Voyage of Mr John Locke to Jerusalem, 1553.

I do not here name the well-known works of early travel in Palestine, nor Benjamin of Tudela, nor William of Tyre, nor Broeardus,

able information about the topography of Palestine. They were removed from the public library to the Secretary’s office. The librarian told me that they were written by the Knights of the Order of St John, and all of them were in Latin. The only topographical information they contain is about St Jean d’Acre, Rhodes, and a few castles on the road to Jerusalem. nor Quaresmius, I prefer noticing a few which are. perhaps, less known, but which have happened to come in my way.*

370 — Hegesippi de bello Judaico et excidio Urbis Ilierosolymitanae, libri v. This is little more than a translation of.Josephus by an unknown author who takes the name of Hegesippus. From similarities of style, St Ambrose has been conjectured to be the translator; and Hegesippus has been supposed to be another name for Josephus.

450. — Eucherii Epistoia de situ Judaea urbisque Ilierosolymitanae. &c. He was Bishop of Lyons about the middle of the 5th century. This is chiefly from Josephus and Jerome.

550 (?). — Itinerarium Antonini Placentini. There have been several editions of this work. Its author is supposed to have written about the middle of the sixth century. It contains a good many useful notes of places throughout the land. At Cana, he tells us, “Ego indignus,parentum meorum nomina seripsi.”

1190. — The History of William of Newburgh. This is one of the early-English historians, of whose works two or three editions have been published. I mention it here because of the frequent allusions in it to the Holy Land. See especially the third book.

1190 — Vita et res gestae Saladini, auctore Bohadino F. Sjeddadi, &c, edidit ac Latine vertit A. Schultens, 1732. Though the names of places occur frequently in this biographical history, yet they are often so given as to be of little service to the topographer. The Geographical Index at the end, compiled from Arabic sources, is really valuable.

1307. — Haythouus de Tartaris. Fe was a Cyprian monk, exhorting to crusades and giving information on Palestine and Egypt. I have only seen extracts from this. He also wrote “Liber Historiarum partium Orientis, in 1300.

1313. — L. Ludolphi de Suchen Iter ad Terrain Sanctam; et de statu ejus et aliis memorabilibus quse in Mari videlicet Mediterraneo conspiciunter, folio. Ludovic Ludoiph was Rector of the church or parish of Suchen, and dedicates the narrative of his journey to Jerusalem to his diocesan, Baldwin, Bishop of Paderborn. He travelled in 1313. To this edition no name nor date is prefixed, but it is supposed to be printed at Strasbourg in 1471. A quarto edition of it was published at Venice in 14S0, along with a Latin edition of Maundeville.

* The following books will give the reader a pretty full list of works connected with Palestine, —

1. Catalogus Auctorum, appended to Adrichomius (p. 287). It contains about seventy names.

2. Bibliotheca Latino-Hebraica, Imbonati, 1694. The author was a Jesuit, but his work is a learned ones containing upwards of twenty names, some of which I have not seen elsewhere.

3. The Preface of Benedict Accoltus or Accolti, to his work on the Crusades (1623) contains a list of some curious works in the author’s day.

4. J. A. Fabricius, in his Bibliogra;. hia Antiquaria, &c, (1716) gives the fullest list we have seen.

5. Victor Hennequin in his “Introduction Historique a l’etude de la Legislation Francaise” (1841) has two volumes on the Jews, at the close of the second of which, he gives a long list of works on the Jews and Palestine.

These, with Dr Robinson’s list, will nearly exhaust the catalogue. The Museum of Classical Antiquities, vol. ii. (1833) gives a full account of works relating to the Holy Sepulchre and the Topogrnphy of Jerusalem.

1422. — A Survey of Egypt and Syria, undertaken in the year 1422, by Sir Gilbert de Lamoy, translated from a (French) manuscript in the Bodleian Library, London, 1826. This is a quarto, with both the French and English, and excellent notes, amounting in all to 164 pages.

1432. — The Travels of Bertrandon de la Brocquiere to Palestine, and his return from Jerusalem overland to France during the years 1432 and 1433. Extracted and put into Modern French from a MS. in the National Library at Paris. This traveller saw very little of Palestine.

1470 — Itinerary, by William Wey, who twice visited the Holy Sepulchre, some time about 1770, and died in 1474. This is a MS. in the Bodleian Library. Wey gives very minute, and somewhat amusing directions to travellers, among which is the following, — <l Buy you a cage for half a dozen of hennys or chekyn to have with you, for ye schall have nede un to them meny tymes.”

1470. — History of the Temple of Jerusalem, by Jalal Addin, translated from the Arabic by Rev. J. Reynolds, 1836. The references to this book in the text will shew what sort of work it is.

1483. — Fratris Felicis Fabri Evagatorium in Terra; Sancta? Arabia? et Egypti Peregrinationem. This is an interesting and intelligent work, too little known. It is by far the most minute of early travels. The edition used is that of Hassler, Stuttgardt, 1843. 3 vols.

1506. — The Pylgrymage of Sir Richard Guylforde to the Holy Land AD. 1506. Printed for the Camden Society in 1851. This is a small quarto of 92 pages, not containing much beyond the common amount of information. He mentions an crder of Grey Friars on Mount Zion.

1507. — Martini a Baumgarten in Braitenbach Peregrinatio in iEgyptum, Arabiam, Palcestinam, et Syriam. He travelled in 1507. He ascended Mount Sinai by moonlight at two a.m. He had heard about the arched substructures of the Temple from a companion who had visited them. The date of this Latin edition is 1597, but the original German (a folio) is earlier. The book is sensible and ciear.

1508. — Anselmi descriptio Terra? Sanctse et urbis Jerusalem. Cracovise, 1514. He was a Minorite monk who travelled in Palestine in 1508.

1523. — Itinerario de Ludovico de Yerthema, Bolognese, no lo Egypto, ne la Suria, nela Arabia Deserta, &c. This is a small quarto printed at Milan in 1523. The Venice edition is earlier, though without date. The Latin is Milan 1511. The author could hardly be said to traverse Palestine. He merely skirted it in his way south from Damascus to Arabia and India. The pages relating to Palestine are few, and these describe the region of the Dead Sea. The book has passed through many editions both in Latin and Italian.

1524. — The Informacyun for Pylgrymes unto the Holy Lande, That is to wyte, to Rome, to Jherusalem, and to many other Holy Places. Imprinted by Wynkin de Worde, 1524. This rare volume is a hand-book for pilgrims, gives the routes, coin, conveyances, fees, and other instructions to those who were going on any distant pilgrimage. It contains the narrative of a pilgrim in his journey to the Holy Land. See Retrospective Review, vol. ii. p. 327.

1525. — Itinerarium Terra? Sancta?, inibique sacrorum locorum ac rerum clarissima descriptio, &c, per Bartholomseum a Saligniaco, 1525. This is a black letter duodecimo of 140 pages, with full index, containing a pretty complete tour of the land.

1530. — The Chronicles of Rabbi Joseph the Sphardi. This great work of a Spanish Jew in the beginning of the sixteenth century, contains many references to the East. In the references to this work I have u-;ed Dr Bialh.blotsky’s translation in two vols, published in 1834 and 1836.

1538. — Ziegleri Jacob i Terrse Sanctae quam Palsestinam nominant, Syria?, Arabia?, &c, descriptio, folio, Argent, 1536. This is a rare work, and said to be good. I have not seen it.

1542. — Jodoci a Alegs:en patricii Lucerini Peregrinatio Hierosoly mitana. Dilingae 1580. This is the pilgrimage of a Swiss nobleman in 1542. It is a Latin duodecimo of 244 pages, simply written, but with no new information on any subject.

1555. — Ongelu.kiae Jerusalemsche Reyse, by Melchior van SeidKtz. Amsterdam, I66C. This work seems to have been written in German, and translated into Dutch by P. V. ^Engelen. The author travelled in 1555. He landed at Joppa, travelled to Jerusalem by Rama (p. 15). From this to p. 64 is a tour through the land. The rest is Damascus, Constantinople, &c.

1563. — Jerusalem, vetustissima ilia et celeberrima totius mundi civitas, ex sacris literis et approbatis historicis ad unguem descripta, &c, quae Adamus Reisnerus, Germanica lingua delineata edidit. per Joannem 11 eydenum. Francoforti, 1563. This is a folio of nearly 700 pages, and is one of the most minute and curious books that has been written upon the topography of Jerusalem. It is divided into seven books, with very numerous chapters in each. Each chapter is devoted to a locality or object, and has a threefold title, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Then the history follows, and the interpretation or allegorical application of the names or events.

1572. — Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572. Only a page of this folio is given to Jerusalem (p. 52). There is a map professing to be a sketch of it in the author’s day. Hoc tempore (says he) Hierosolyma Turcis Cuzumoharech dicitur.

1580. — Hierosolymitana Peregrinatio illustrissimi principis N. C. Radzivili, &c. Antwerp, 1613. This is a Latin folio of 300 pages. The prince travelled in 1580. It is an interesting and sensible volume. He seems to make the Frank mountain Engedi, p. 87.

1589. — Theatrum Terrse Sanctaa et Biblicarum Historiarum cum tabulis geographicis sere expressis. Auetore Christiano Adrichomio, Delpho. The date is not on the title-page, but the dedication by Gerard Brunius gives the date 1589. The work is very complete as a compilation, as a folio of 290 pages might be expected to be. That section of it relating to Jerusalem was translated into English by Thomas Tymme, and published in London in 1595, as a small quarto. On a blank leaf of my copy there is the following manuscript piece of information in French. (i Adrichomius Christian, ne a Delft en 1553, ordonne Pretre en 1561, raourut en 1585 a Cologne, ou il se retira apres avoir ete chasse de son pays paries Protestants. Son ouvrage le plus celebreestle Theatrum Terra? Sanctae, avec des Cartes Geographiques. a Cologne 1593, en folio. On a encore de lui une Chronique de l’ancien et du Nouveau Testament, ou il entasse bien des fables, a ( ‘ologne en folio. II etait meilieur Geographe qu’- historien. Sa Geographie sainte passoit un chef-d’oeuvre d’exactitude.”

1597. — Jacobi de Vitriaco sedis Apostolicse in terra sancta, in imperio in Francia, olim legati, libri duo, quorum prior Orientalis sive Hierosolymitana?, &c. Duaci, 1597. This is a duodecem of moderate size, only about 40 pases (from 80 to 115) relate to the Geography of Palestine.

1600. — Palestina, written by Mr R. C. P., and bachelor of devinitie, Florence, loo. This is a small quarto of 200 pages, beginning with a description of the New Jerusalem, and giving a history of the life of Christ, partly figurative and partly liter.sl. It is of no topographical use.

1600.- The Travels of foure Englishmen and a Preacher into Africa, &c., and into Syria, Cilicia, Pisidia, Mesopotamia, Damascus, Canaan, Galilee, Samaria, Judea, Palestine, Jerusalem. Jericho, and to the Red Sea, and to sundry other places; begunne in the yeere Jubile 1600, and by ome of them finished the yeere 1611, the others not yet returned, at London, 1612. This author has no great reverence for the traditions of the East. Near the beginning of his book he thus writes: — “It is a loule sh;tme that any Christian brought up in so blessed a commonwealth as England should be so simple to believe such untruths as the superstitious friers of Rome, which- sojourne at Jerusalem, doe demonstrate or declare unto them.”

1602. — Lloyd’s Stratagems of Jerusalem, with the Martial Lawes and Military Discipline as well of Jewes as the Gentiles, 1602. I do not know this work, but picked up its name in an old catalogue.

1 Gil. — Timberlake, Henry, a true and strange Discourse of the Travels of Two English Pilgrims; what admirable accidents befel them in their journey towards Jerusalem, Gaza, Grand Cairo, Alexandria, and other places. London, 1611, quarto. See the following.

1611. — A true and strange Discourse of the Travels of two English Pilgrims, what admirable accidents befel them on their journey towards Jerusalem, Gaza, &c. Also, what rare antiquities, monuments, and valuable memoirs they saw in Terra Sancta, with a perfect description of the old and new Jerusalem, and situation of the countries about them. A discourse of no less admiration, written by Henry Timberlake, on the behalf of himself and his fellow pilgrims. London, 1611, small 8vo. pp. 33. These two volumes are so far the same. They are well written, and strongly Protestant.

1611. — The Preacher’s Travels to the Confines of the East Indies, through the great countries of Syria, Mesopotamia, &c, by John Cartwright. 1611.

1612. — Voyages en Afrique, Asie, &c, faits par Jean Mocquet. Ron en, 1645. The fifth book contains Palestine. He calls Khan Minyeh, Lameny; speaks of Joseph’s cisterns as covered with a dome resting on marble pillars, meutions./tve deep cisterns in the Plain of the Shepherds.

1619. — Journael ofte Beschryvinge van de Jerusalemsz Reyse, gedaen by Adriaen de Vos. Delf. 1655. This is a small quarto, travels made in 1619 and 1620, somewhat brief but distinct.

1620. — Trattato delle Piante et imagini de sacri edifizi di Terra Santa, &c, dal R. P. Bernardino. In Firenza, 1620. This is a small folio of 66 pages, interspersed with plans and maps. The descriptions are brief.

1620. — Fureri C. Itinerarium Aegypti Arabiae Palestinae, Syriaealiarumque Regionum Orientalium. Norimbergae, 1620. This is said to be rare and valuable, but I have not seen it.

1623. — Benedicti Accolti de bello a Christianis contra barbaros gesto, pro Christi sepulcro et Judaea recuperandis, libri iv. Thomas Dempsterus, Baro a Muresk Scotus, cum aliis scriptoribus collatos et mendis expurgavit et notis non vulgaribus, illustravit. Florentise, 1623. Superiorum permissu. A good enough history with notes.

1625. — Voyages de Pietro della Valle, dans la Turquie, l’Egypte, la Palestine, &c, nouvelle edition, 6 vols, et Rouen, 1745. This author’s travels extended over many years; but he seems to have been in Palestine about 1625. His voyages have been translated into several languages, English, French, Dutch, German. It is the French copy that I have used. The second vol. relates to Palestine, and gives a brief but not uninteresting description of what was seen and heard.

1631. — Elias Thesbites, sive de rebus Eli le Prophetae, Comraentariusposthumus patris Aegidii Caraarti. Parisiis, 1631. This is a quarto of more than 400 pages by a Jesuit, in which several points of topography are taken up, such as that relating to Thisbe, the birth-place of Elijah. It is a learned work, containing nut only the life of Elijah, but notices of all the abbots, monks, presbyters, and soldiers of that name.

1633. — Arabia, seu Arabum vicinarumque gentium Orientalium leges, &c, De Nonnuilis Orientalium urbibus, a G. Sionita professore et interprete regio. Amstelodami, 1633. Nothing new in this volume.

1636. — Historia urbis et regni TI iersolv initani auctore Christophoro Besoldo. Argentorati, 1636. A thick duodecimo of 1300 pages, containing many allusions to places in Palestine, specially in crusading time:-, lie refers to the Rock of the Mosque (p. 346), and calls the Mosque Cubisahara (Kubbet-es-Sakhrah). He mentions that a Greek Bishop and a Spanish Minorite were put to death for entering the mosque (p. 314).

1642. — Historia dell’ Antica e Moderna Palestina descritta in tre parti, dal V. R. P. F. Vincenzo Berdino. Venice, 1642. The author was Commissioner-General in Palestine for some years, and he has given us a full and sensible work, consisting of upwards of 400 pages of small quarto. Like most of the old writers, he places Capernaum near the junction of the Jordan with the lake, part ii. p. 53.

1644. — Le Pieux Pelerin, ou voyage de Jerusalem, divise en trois livres; contenans la description Topographique, &c, luinct un discourse de 1 ‘Alcoran et un traicte de la cite de Jerusalem, etde tousles Saincts lieux. de Palestine, le tout remarque et recueiili, par le Pere Bernardin Surius recollect. President d’un Sainct Sepulchre, et Commissionaire de terre Saincte es annees 1644-45-46-47. Brussels, 1664. This is a thick quarto of 600 pages, of which the latter half only relates to Palestine. He speaks of Magdala as having a beautiful plain to the east, which corresponds to Mijdel.

1646. — La Terre Saincte, ou description topographique tres particuliere de saincts lieux, et de la Terre de Promission. Avec un Traitte de quatorze nations de differente Religion qui rhabitent, leursmceurs, croyance, ceremonies et police. Le tut enrichi de figures, par F. Eugene Roger, Recollect, Missionaire de Barbarie. A Paris, 1646. A quarto of 250 pages, sensible, though not giving much new. He refers to the Frank mountain as both Hachilah and Masada (p. 177).

1650. — Itinerarium totius Sacrse ‘cripturse, or travels of the holy Patriarchs, Prophets, Judges, Kings. &c, as they are related in the Old and New Testament, with a description of the towns and places to which they travelled, and how many English miles they stood from Jerusalem. Collected out of the works of Henry Bunting, and done into English by R. B. London, 1682. This is a quarto of above 430 pages, containing a good digest of the topography of Palestine. The first edition was published more than thirty years earlier.

1650. — A Description and Explanation of 268 places in Jerusalem and the suburbs thereof, as it flourished in the time of Jesus Christ, answerable to the most exact description of the map, shewing the several places of the acts and sufferings of Jesus Christ and his holy apostles; very useful for clearing many places in the prophets, Josephus, and other histories. Newly translated by Mr Jessy. This work I have not seen. Its date is about 1650.

1653. — Hierologia; in qua loca sacra, describuntur auctore R. P. D. Ingolstadii, 1653. The fifth book takes up the sacred places beginning with Bethlehem. He speaks of Hebron as in ruins, and a new city rising round the cave.

1654 — El devoto Peregrino, y viage de Tierra S;inta, por el M. R. Padre, F. Antonio del Castillo, &c, en Paris, 1666. Antonio was “Guardian de Belen” (Bethlehem) for a number of years and knew the land. The book is full of plates and maps. The first edition was, I believe, published at Madrid in 1654. The one I have is Paris. He speaks of the town of Tiberias as a total ruin in his day. He sets Magdalum at Mejdel, Rethsaida at Khan Minyeh, and Capernaum at the junction ol the Jordan with the lake. The Frank Mountain he makes to be Tekoah, p. 297.

1658. — Joan n is Bisselii Palestine Topothesia. Ambergae, 1659. This is a small work of 158 pages by a Jesuit, a« many of the works on Palestine at that time were. It is a good manual, brief, but clear.

1663. — Geographia in Moralem translata. Daniel Bartoli, 1663. This might be called geography moralised or spiritualised. The two last chapters relate to Palestine, — the one being on the Dead Sea and the other on the Holy Land. It is the Italian translation which I have. Though the book is the work of a learned Jesuit, it is of no value, save as a mere piece of moralising.

1665. — Christophori Heidmanni Palestina, sive Terra Sancta, pauciscapitibus distincte ordineque explicata, &c. “VYolferbuti, 1665. This is a quarto of 232 pages. It is the third edition of the work with corrections by Henry Ernst. Heidm aim’s own preface gives us no date, but the first edition must have been somewhat earlier than the above. The maps are reduced from those of Adrichomius. It is a carefully compiled work.

1665. — Geographia Sacra ex Yeteri et Novo Testamento Desumpta, &c. Auctore Nic. Sanson, 1701. A full and learned work. Sanson published also an Index Geographicus, relating to his former work. In it he maintains that Nob and Anathoth are the same.

1670. — Histoire de Yoyage de la Terre Saint, par Jacques Goujon. 4to, Lyon, .1670.

1674. — Guilielmi de Waha Melreusii,Labores Herculis Christiani,Godfredi Bulioni, Insulis Flandrorum, 1674. A duodecimo of 500 pages, of which only a part refers to Pale&tine. I have not seen the ancient Dutch romance on Godfrey der Scoense Historien Hertoghe Godevaerts van Boloen, published at Harlem in 1486.

1682. — Itinerarium totius Scriptural, etc., collected out of the works of Henry Bunting, and done into English by R. B. London, 1682. This is a compilation, but very complete in its way. It forms a quarto of 434 pages.

1683. — Yiaggio in Levante al Santo Sepolcro, et altri Luoghi de Terra Santa, di Dominico Laffe Bolognese. Bologna, 1683. This tour was made, as the author mentions in his first chapter, in 1678. The narative is full and distinct, with more of observation in it than is to be found in many of the ecclesiastical narratives of the day. The book is a thick duodecimo of 576 pages, without maps or plans. It contains a long chapter on Jerusalem. He speaks of the citadel as the Tower of David, and the Castle of the Pisans (413). He mentions the Turkish name of Jerusalem as Cuzumufarech or Codsfarich (a compound of El-Kuds); he gives the Frank mountain as Achilla (Hachilah), and refers to the Cave of Adullam as hard by (p. 403). He is one of those that notice the rock-cut channel between the Pool of the Yirgin and Siloam (p. 171).

1693. — De Sacris Aedificiis a Constantino Magno Constructis, Synopsis Historiee Joannis Ciampini, etc., Rome, 1693. A folio of 220 pages, full of plates, executed not amiss. The descriptions are mere extracts from other writers.

1695. — Siria Sacra, Descrittione historico Geographica, cronologica, topografica, delle chiese PatrUrcali Antiocliio e G-erusalemme, folio, maps. Rome, 1695.

1699. — Apparatus Chronologicus et geographicus, auctore Bernardo Lamy. Parisiis, 1699. The last 70 pages of this small folio are geographical, and give a good condensation of information on the general topography of Jerusalem, and of the chief parts of Palestine.

1699. — Apparatus Geographicus, descriptio Judeae, &c, auctore B. Lamy. Paris, 1699. An excellent compendium of Geography, full of the correct information with, which all the author’s works abound. He has a good discussion on the site of Bethsaida. pp. 313, 314.

1700. — Relation Nouvelle et tres-fidele du Voyage de la Terre Sainte, &c, par F. F. Beaurand. A Paris, 1700. This is a duodecimo of 160 pages; brief, but giving a good account of Palestine. He is one of those that make Beit-jalah Rama, p. 97.

1700. — Historia Hierosolymse, ab urbe condita, usque ad nostra tempora. Hermann Witsius. This is a brief but very valuable compilation. It forms two long “Exercitations” in the works of Witsius, vol. ii.

1713. — Peregrinus affectuose per Terrain Sanctam et Jerusalem a devotione et curiositate conductus, &c, annot mte et deferente fratre Conrado Hietling. Olim guardiano Bethlemitico, 1713. This is rather an ecclesiastical than a topographical folio, being full of directions for pilgrims, processions, &c. It contains the largest number of hymns for processions and pilgrimages that we have ever seen; besides a great amount of descriptive hexameter verse by the author himself. The topographical notices are brief but excellent.

1720. — Relation des Voyages faits dans la Turquie, la Thebaide, et la Barbarie, contenant des avis politiques qui peuvent servir de lumieres aux Rois et aux Souverains de” la Chretiente, pour garentir leurs Etats des incursions des Tures, et reprendre ceux qu’ils ont usurpe sur eux. Par le R. P. J. Coppin, Consul des Francois a Damiette, et Syndic de la Terre Sainte. A Lyon, 1720.

1731. — Notitia orbis Antiqui, sive Geographia plenior, &c, by C. Cellarius, edited by Schwartz, 1731. This book is generally known, so I merely give its name.

1744. — The Travels of Charles Thomson, Esq., in France, Italy, Turkey, the Holy Land, &c, with a curious description of Jerusalem, 3 vols. 1744. It is the last of these volumes that relates to Palestine. It is a sensible narrative of the author’s tour.

1752. — A Genuine Voyage to Smyrna, Ac, a minute detail of the present state of Jerusalem made during a three years’ residence in that city with a relation of the pilgrim’s journey to the Holy Land, by S. Lusignan, 1801. This is the second edition of this work, and is in two volumes. It was in 1752 and 1753 that the author visited the East, and his letters are dated in different years. Learned, but discursive.

1759. — Travels through part of Europe, Asia Minor, several Islands of the Archipelago, Syria, Palestine, Mount Sinai, &c. Ac, written in Low Dutch, by the Hon. Mr Van Egmond and John Heyman, Professor of the Oriental Languages at Leyden. In two vols, octavo. Excellent.

1764. — Travels in several parts of Turkey, Egypt, and the Holy Land, by James Haynes. London, 1741. This traveller, who was a merchant’s clerk at Cairo, visited only Galilee. He is among the few who visited and described Yafa near Nazareth.

TOPOGRAPH!! AL WORKS.

There are a good many others whose names I have from time to time noted down, but have not been able to see, such as the following : —

Alphonso Tostati, liber, de situ seu descriptione Terrae Sanctae, about 1520: Christopheri Pizellii Theatrum Terrae Sanctae, Coloniae, quarto, 1593; Jacobi Ziegleri Terrae Sanctae, descriptio, 1532, a writer whom a Popish author describes as hereticus primae classis; Joannis Ceverio Viage de la Tierra Santa descripcion de Gerusalem, &c, 8vo, 1597; Joannis Dublivlii Hierosolvmitanae peregrinationis Hodoepericon, septem dial, libr. explicatum. Colon. 1600; Joannis Pastritii Index Geographicus Terra? Sanctee, about 16C0; Joannis Pastritii Palestina seu Terra Sancta, deque Metropoli Hierosolyma; Joannis Perusinse descriptio Terra? feancta?, una cum lndice, &c, about 16C0; Leonardi Ravvolphii Itinerarium Orientale in Syriam, Judeeam. 1583; Leoniceni de variis urbibus Palestir.a3; Matthaei Aurogalli de Hebraeis urbum, Ac, nominibus, 1526; Michaelis Aitsinger Terra Promissiones Topographice et historice, 1582; Roderici Dosma del Gado Topographia locorum ad sacras literas pertinentium, 1601.

Of works published within the last thirty years, I need not say anything. The most important are well known, and their number is so great as to preclude all attempt to give a list of them. I have referred to a good many of them in the course of the foregoing volume. The rest must be left to the reader’s own research.